IP address – The Complete Guide | What is an IP address

• What is an ip address?

An Ip address is a label assigned to every device connected to a network or internet.Any device connected to internet could use this label to connect to another device connected to internet.
Types of ip addresses :-
1) Dynamic ip : These types of ip are always changing. Mostly broadband connections have these type of IP. These are assigned automatically by your ISP.
2) Static ip : These ip addresses don’t change. They remain same. You either had to buy one from your ISP or sometimes it comes free with your plan.
3)Public ip : Public ip address makes your device accessible to other users of internet. Anyone on internet can connect to your server using your PUBLIC IP.
To check your Public IP visit :
whatismyip.com
4)Private ip: Private ip is an ip address assigned to devices on a private network like computers present in your school/college have different Private ip address. It is used to communicate between computers on a Private network connected using hub/switch or any other way. To check your Private ip :
4.a)Open cmd .
4.b)Type ipconfig and hit enter.
4.c)The number shown against Ip Address is your Private ip.
You could assign Private ip on your own by :-
4.1)Double click on network connection icon in taskbar.
4.2)Click on Properties.
4.3)Click on internet protocol(tcp/ip).
4.4)Tick on “use this configuration”.
4.5)Enter your details.
4.6)Click on Ok.
Example scenario:
1) Let us suppose a computer Lab A in a school containing 20 computers all connected to each other using a switch and connected to a Modem[ all 20 to a single modem].
Then their *Private ip* address could be checked at cmd via point 4). This  *Private ip* is  mostly *STATIC* .
But their *Public ip* will be same as they are connected to internet via same route ie same modem. This *Public ip* will be assigned by the ISP and may or may not be *Dynamic*.

2) Let us take another computer lab B with same configuration as lab A. Now let us suppose computer xyz. It will definately have a different *Public Ip* as compared to Lab A, but it may or may not have same *Private ip* as that of any computer in Lab A.
There is one more thing, two devices could never have same Private ip connected to a same network. But two devices connected to different network may or may not have same Private ip.
This mean two computers either from lab A or B, both could have same *Public ip* but can never have same *Private ip*.

Example Explained :
Xyz computer From lab A:
Private ip : aaa.bbb.ccc.ddd [Generally STATIC] Public Ip : xxx.yyy.zzz.www [Anything assigned by ISP, could be *DYNAMIC* or *STATIC* depending on your subscription]
abcd From Lab B
Private Ip : eee.fff.ggg.hhh [this could be same as Private IP of XYZ in Lab A, Generally STATIC] Public Ip : qqq.eee.www.ttt [This could never be same as that of lab A, anything assigned by ISP, could be *DYNAMIC* or *STATIC* depending on your subscription] 

How to use skype in international phone calls

1. Download Skype and sign up for an account.

Visit Skype’s homepage at skype.com to securely download the software for free. Before using the program, you will be required to create an account.

2. Sign into your Skype account.

Before placing a call, you will be prompted to sign into your newly-created account. On a computer, the pro

3. Dial number.

From your home menu, click on “Call phones” located at the bottom of your tool bar.gram will be launcClick on the flag in the entry field to bring up a drop down menu of dialing codes. Select the country you are trying to call and the country’s calling code will be automatically added to the field. Finally, enter the remaining digits of the number and click the green “call” button.

Tip: Most countries have toll-free numbers that will be free to call from Skype. If this is not an option, you will need to add credit to your Skype account to pay for the call. Rates differ by country, but on average are significantly cheaper than using a landline or cellular phone.hed from the installed desktop or menu bar icon.

How to Make Windows7 Networking Easier

Connect to a Wi-Fi network with WPS

Wi-Fi Protected Setup (WPS) is a feature supported by many Wi-Fi routers and adapters to make connecting and securing them really easy. Supported routers usually have a button that you push when you want to add a new computer. Within a short amount of time, you can push a button on the wireless adapter or on its software. Then it will automatically configure and connect with the router.

Wi-Fi Protected Setup (WPS) is natively supported in Windows 7. So instead of having to push a button on the adapter or use their wireless utility, all you have to do is attempt to connect. If the Wi-Fi adapter supports WPS, Windows should prompt you to enter the security key or push the button on the router. Once you push the router's WPS button, the adapter will automatically be configured and connected with the router.

Configure your wireless router via Windows

Another function made possible by native Wi-Fi Protected Setup (WPS) support is the ability to configure the basic settings of a Wi-Fi router via the Windows 7 interface. Usually you must login to a router's control panel from a web browser to configure its settings.

When you attempt to connect to an unconfigured Wi-Fi router (such as with the default network name and no security) that supports WPS, Windows 7 will ask if you want set it up. If you proceed, you must enter the WPS PIN of the router, usually printed on the bottom of the router. After entering the PIN, you can change the network name (SSID) and optionally customize the security and encryption settings.

The setup wizard will also automatically configure your computer with the chosen settings, so no need to reenter the security password. If you have other computers on the network, you can manually enter the security password when connecting to the Wi-Fi router or on other Windows 7 computers use WPS as discussed in the previous section.

Set default printer for each network location

If you have a laptop or netbook that you take between multiple locations that have a printer, consider setting each network with a default printer. Thus when you connect to a network, Windows will automatically set your chosen printer for that network as the default. You don't have to remember to select the right one when printing.

To set the default printers for networks, click Start > Devices and Printers. Select a printer and click Manage Default Printers. Then choose the Change my default printer when I change networks option, select a network, the default printer you'd like to use, and click Add. Repeat the process for other networks.

Hide and disable HomeGroup

The new HomeGroup feature debuting in Windows 7 tries to help you share files and printers on home and small offices networks. However, it only works with computers loaded with Windows 7. If you still have Windows XP or Vista on your network, you probably don't care to use it.

If you don't use the HomeGroup feature, you can disable and hide it. This stops Windows 7 from prompting you to configure the HomeGroup settings after connecting to a new Home network and will hide the shortcut link on Windows Explorer windows and dialogs.

To disable and hide HomeGroup, click Start, type services, and click the services icon in the search results. On the Services window, find and double-click onHomeGroupListener and HomeGroupProvider. For each service, click Stop and select Disabled for the Startup Type.

Create a wireless hosted (virtual) network

A new feature in Windows 7 lets you create a Wireless Hosted Network. It basically creates a virtual Wi-Fi router with your wireless adapter, so you can share or extend your network and/or Internet access. You can even host the Wireless Hosted Network while being connected to a regular Wi-Fi network with the same wireless adapter.

Keep in mind, your wireless adapter must be using drivers certified for Windows 7 in order to use the Wireless Hosted Network feature. If Windows detects a support adapter, it will automatically add another connection (named Microsoft Virtual WiFi Miniport Adapter) to the Network Connections window.

To configure and manage the Wireless Hosted Network you can either use commands via a Command Prompt (as we'll discuss) or use a third-party utility, such asConnectify.

To configure the Wireless Hosted Network settings via the Command Prompt enter:

netsh wlan set hostednetwork mode=allow ssid=YourVirtualNetworkName key=YourNetworkPassword

Be sure to input your particular SSID with your desired network name and key with your desired WPA2-PSK security password.

Before you start the Wireless Hosted Network, you probably want to configure Internet Connection Sharing (ICS) so users connecting to the Wireless Hosted Network will give Internet access:

1. Click the network icon in the bottom right corner of Windows, open the Network and Sharing Center.
2. Click the Change adapter settings link on the left.
3. Find the Microsoft Virtual WiFi Miniport Adapter and remember the network connection name given to it.
4. Right-click the network connection that's connected to the Internet, select Properties, and select the Sharing tab.
5. Check Allow other network users to connect through this computer's Internet connection, choose the network connection name for the Microsoft Virtual WiFi Miniport Adapter that you looked up earlier, and click OK.

Now you can return to the Command Prompt and start the Wireless Hosted Network:

netsh wlan start hostednetwork

It will automatically turn off after a restart or shutdown, however, enter the following to manually stop it:

netsh wlan stop hostednetwork

To see the Wireless Hosted Network details, including the MAC addresses of connected users, enter the following:

netsh wlan show hostednetwork

Keep in mind, users connected to the Wireless Hosted Network can access the network shares and resources of your computer and the regular network you're connected to. Thus you should disable any shares you don't want them to access.

Tips and Tricks in Wireless Home Networking

This is about an Tricks in home networking

   In follow the step is given below

 Fix Connectivity Issues:

It sounds crazy, but 95 percent of all Internet connectivity problems can be solved by power-cycling both the router and the modem. Turn them both off, and then turn the modem back on first. Once its "sync" or signal light comes on, turn on your router.

Use Encryption:

You've probably heard this before, but it bears repeating: Always enable your router's wireless security! Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) encryption is the oldest (and weakest) form of security; the newer (and stronger) Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) and WPA-2 are the best protection available today for home users.

Update Your Router's Firmware:

All routers include internal read-only chips with embedded instructions that can be updated by the manufacturer. Router manufacturers generally update a product's firmware to increase performance as well as to resolve bugs and security issues, so it's wise to keep your router's firmware up-to-date. Check the manufacturer's Web site for the latest updates.

Boost Your Wireless Signal:

If walls and distance are causing wireless signal degradation, you can do a few things to boost it. Move your router to higher ground—the signal radiates downward. You can also try a signal extender (or repeater), which boosts the signal. Finally, high-gain antennas will work, but they only focus the signal in one direction.

Change Admin Password:

Every router has a well-known default password that's used to access the router's browser-based configuration page. Most setup wizards will make you change this password, but not all do. If not, be sure to change it yourself to prevent unwanted hangers-on from changing your network's settings.

Go Back to Factory Settings:

If you've lost or forgotten your router's login credentials, you can get around this predicament by resetting the router to its factory settings. Do this by holding down the button on the back of it for 30 seconds. Next, look in the manual for the default user name and password, and then change them on your router's browser-based configuration page.

Disable SSID Broadcast:

Unless you disable it, your router broadcasts its service set identifier (SSID)—the name of your network—which allows your neighbors to see (and attempt to gain access to) your network. Instead, disable broadcasting, making the network appear as "SSID not broadcast." Access the unnamed network by typing in the SSID name when prompted.

Change the Default SSID:

Change your pre-defined, default SSID—leaving it as "Linksys," for example, tells the world that you haven't configured your router, which invites attackers.

Filter by MAC Address:

Every piece of networking gear includes a unique "fingerprint" called a media access control, or MAC, address. You can configure your router to filter connections using these addresses so that only your computers can connect to your network. Most routers will show you connected devices, so adding an adapter's MAC address is a one-click process.

Step Up to 5GHz:

The majority of today's networks operate in the crowded 2.4GHz frequency range, which is shared by microwaves, cordless phones, and other home networks. To avoid possible interference, many new routers are capable of broadcasting at 5GHz, which has 23 wide-open channels as opposed to 2.4GHz's three non-overlapping channels.

Limit Your Number of DHCP Clients:

Most people use their router as a DHCP server; when clients connect, the router dynamically assigns IP addresses from a large pool of addresses. Limiting that list to the number of clients in your home, however, will help prevent interlopers from hopping onto your network.

Use Your Router's Firewall:

Two features make most hardware firewalls more powerful than software firewalls: stateful packet inspection (SPI) and network address translation (NAT). SPI examines packets' content and behavior before granting access, and NAT hides all PCs connected to the router from the Internet, "translating" their IP addresses into private ones that are unreachable from outside the firewall.

Change Your Channel:

Wireless B and G (and some N) routers operate at the 2.4GHz frequency, which only has three non-overlapping channels: 1, 6 and 11. By default, your router will most likely be using one of these channels, and the bad news is so your neighbors' routers as well. If you experience dropped connections, sluggish performance or both, a good first step is to switch the channel. If it's set to channel 1, go to 11. If it's set to 6, try either 1 or 11 for best results.

Let Windows Control Your Wireless Networks:

If a network adapter's software takes control of your wireless network, it can be difficult to put Windows back in charge. First, click Start, then Run, then type services.msc. Scroll down to Wireless Zero Configuration and start the service. Right-click your wireless connection, select view available networks, and then click advanced settings on the left. Click the wireless networks tab, and check "Use Windows to Configure my wireless network settings."

Disable File Sharing in Public:

If you're in a public place with a Net connection, it's a good idea to disable File and Printer Sharing for Microsoft Networks. In the properties of your network adapter, uncheck the appropriate box. It's also a good idea to switch your notebook's wireless radio off if you aren't using it.

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How to configure in ip address

1) Click Start


2) Click Control Panel

3) Double Click Network Connections

4) Under LAN or High-Speed Internet Doubleclick the enabled device (the Local Area Connection or the Wireless Network Connestion)

5) On the Status Box Window that opens Click the Properties button

6) Drag the Properties window beside the Status window

7) Click the SUpport tab on the Status window

8) Click the Details button--this window provides the information you will need to manually configure your IP

9) In the Properties window that you have open beside the Status windows scroll down through the devices until you get to Internet Protocol TCP/IP

10} Select Internet Protocol TCP/IP and click the properties button



11) In the Properties window that opens select "Use the following IP address"

12) If you have a number of machines begin by setting the IP address to 192.168.1.100 then go to 192.168.1.101 and so forth giving each machine a unique IP

on the network

13) The subnet mask has a default value of 255.255.255.0 in most cases

14) Copy the Default Gateway from the Network Connection Details window information (192.168.1.1 is common)

15) Copy the DNS Server info from the Details window--there will likely be two adresses to copy.

16) Close all the windows and test your internet connection

17) Repeat the process on all the machines on the network giving each a unique IP address.


     in these following steps are given in basically configure in ip address

Setting of speed and duplex in networks

On some networks, autonegotiation is not possible. If you must set your interface's speed and duplex by hand, then some trial and error may be required. Here are the basic steps:

• Install the ethtool and net-tools packages, so that you have the ethtool and mii-tool programs. One or both of these might work for your interface.
• Make sure you have a way to login to the system in case the network interface becomes nonfunctional. An ssh connection could be disrupted, so you should have a fallback strategy.
• Identify the interface in question (it will often be eth0). Adjust the remainder of these instructions accordingly.
• Try to determine what its current speed and duplex settings are. This is where it gets fun:
  • As root, try ethtool eth0 first, and see whether the "Speed:" and "Duplex:" lines look valid. If not, the ethtool may not be supported by your device.
  • As root, try mii-tool -v eth0 and see whether its output looks correct. If not, them mii-tool may not be supported by your device.
  • If neither one is supported, you may have to set parameters directly on the kernel driver module. Identify which driver module you're using by reading the output of dmesg and lsmod. You can then try modinfo MODULENAME to see what parameters it accepts, if any. (You can use modinfo even on modules that are not loaded, for comparison.) ToDo: where does one set kernel module parameters?
• Next, try to change the settings of the interface while it's operating. You'll need to be root, of course. Either:
  • ethtool -s eth0 autoneg off speed 100 duplex full (assuming 100 Mbps and full duplex)
  • mii-tool -F 100baseTx-FD eth0 (same assumption)
  In each case, re-check to see whether the interface settings actually changed, and then try sending some data in and out of the system to see whether the NIC is operating correctly.
• If one of these commands successfully set your NIC, then you can put it into /etc/network/interfaces so it runs when you bring the interface up (e.g. at boot time). However, before you do that, you should understand that some drivers and devices behave differently than others. When the driver module is loaded, the NIC may begin autonegotiation without any way to stop it (particularly with drivers that do not accept parameters). The settings from interfaces are applied at some point after that, which may be right in the middle of the negotiation. So, some people find it necessary to delay the ethtool or mii-tool command by a few seconds. Thus:

   iface eth0 inet static
          address ...
          netmask ...
          gateway ...
          up sleep 5; ethtool -s eth0 ...

  Or the analogous mii-tool command.
• Reboot the machine to make sure it comes up correctly, and be prepared to intervene manually (e.g. Ctrl-Alt-Del and then boot into single-user mode from GRUB or LILO) if things don't work.

How to create or setup an ethernet interface

The majority of network setup can be done via the interfaces configuration file at /etc/network/interfaces. Here, you can give your network card an IP address (or use dhcp), set up routing information, configure IP masquerading, set default routes and much more.

Remember to add interfaces that you want brought up at boot time to the 'auto' line.


Using DHCP to automatically configure the interface:

If you're just using DHCP then all you need is something like

auto eth0
    allow-hotplug eth0
    iface eth0 inet dhcp

Configuring the interface manually:

  If you're configuring it manually then something like this will set the default gateway (network, broadcast and gateway are optional)

  

auto eth0
    iface eth0 inet static
        address 192.168.0.7
        netmask 255.255.255.0
        gateway 192.168.0.254

If you want to add an IPv6 address, too, append something like :  

  iface eth0 inet6 static
        address 2001:db8::c0ca:1eaf
        netmask 64
        gateway 2001:db8::1ead:ed:beef

Advanced network in it technologies

Even if you're inherently shy, you still need to network if you want to advance in your IT career. Why? Check out these stats from different publications regarding networking's role in today's career paths:

• The Wall Street Journal reports that 94 percent of successful job hunters claimed that networking had made all the difference for them.
• The U.S. Department of Labor reports that 63.4 percent of all workers use informal job finding methods.
• Only 4-10 percent of the people who apply to jobs online are successful in obtaining employment. (Richard Bolles, What Color is Your Parachute)

In other words, networking works. Whether you're looking for professional development, a new job or just trying to climb the tech ladder, it's easy to see why it's so important.
How do I break the ice? What should I talk about? Where do I start? If you're reading this article, chances are you may be asking yourself one or more of these questions. To find answers we asked industry professionals how they deal with the pressures of networking and how to keep the conversation going.

1. Rejection Happens, Get Over It

Rejection is a part of life and, in most cases, not something to be taken personally. You have to understand that the more you try something the better your results will be-that is, practice makes perfect. You will encounter people in your career and life who simply cannot or will not help you. Forget it, put it behind you and move on.

2. Remember That Networking Is a Two-Way Street

You may have trouble networking because you don't think you have anything significant, such as a job or a contact, to give back to someone who helps you. Chances are you may have something to offer that you didn't consider.
Related Story: How to Network: 12 Tips for Shy People
"Helping others to succeed will help you to succeed. When making any type of connection, ask questions and listen intently," says Caitlin Sampson, career consultant and cofounder of Regal Resumes.

3. Play Off Your Strengths to Start?

"Start by assessing your strengths, says Elaine Varelas, managing partner at Keystone Partners. Introverts often are good listeners, which is an enormous asset. Think about how you can use it to your advantage as you talk to people about who you are, what you can offer an employer and how you might help other networkers.